What is Entropion in Dogs?

Entropion is a medical condition in which a dog’s eyelid turns inward, causing the eyelashes and skin to rub against the eye’s surface. This abnormal eyelid positioning leads to irritation and discomfort and can potentially cause severe damage to the eye if left untreated. The constant friction from the inward-turned eyelid can result in inflammation, redness, excessive tearing, and even ulcers on the cornea.

Entropion can affect one or both eyes and is seen more frequently in certain dog breeds due to their genetic predispositions and facial structures. Breeds such as Shar Peis, Bulldogs, Pugs, and Retrievers are particularly susceptible. However, any dog can develop entropion, either as a congenital condition present from birth or as an acquired condition due to chronic inflammation, scarring, or other underlying eye issues.

Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term damage and ensure the dog’s comfort and eye health. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include lubricating eye drops, ointments, or surgical correction to reposition the eyelid properly. Regular veterinary check-ups and responsible breeding practices can help manage and reduce the occurrence of entropion in dogs.

Causes of Entropion in Dogs

1. Genetic Predisposition: Certain dog breeds are genetically predisposed to entropion due to their unique facial structures and skin types. These breeds often have excess skin or specific conformation traits, making them more susceptible to the condition. Breeds commonly affected include Shar-Pei, Bulldogs, Pugs, Retrievers, Saint Bernard, and Great Dane.
2. Underdeveloped Eyelid Muscles: Puppies with weak or underdeveloped eyelid muscles may exhibit entropion, but this can sometimes resolve as the puppy matures.
3. Excessive Facial Skin: Puppies with abundant facial skin folds may develop entropion as these folds can push the eyelids inward.
4. Injury or Trauma: Physical damage to the eye or surrounding tissues can cause scarring, leading to the inward rolling of the eyelids.
5. Chronic Infections or Inflammation: Recurrent or persistent eye infections can cause the eyelids to swell and roll inward over time. Conditions such as conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eye’s outer layer) can be contributing factors.
6. Ocular Surgeries: Previous eye surgeries can alter the eyelid structure, potentially leading to entropion as scar tissue forms and contracts.
7. Eyelid Scarring: Any condition that results in scarring of the eyelids can cause entropion. This includes diseases like blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids).
8. Loss of Skin Elasticity: As dogs age, their skin loses its elasticity, which can cause the eyelids to sag and roll inward.
9. Muscle Weakness: The muscles around the eyes can weaken with age, contributing to the development of entropion.
10. Orbital Fat Loss: Fat reduction around the eye socket can lead to changes in eyelid positioning.
11. Neurological Conditions: Disorders affecting the facial nerves can impact eyelid function and lead to entropion.
12. Systemic Diseases: Conditions such as hypothyroidism can lead to changes in skin and muscle tone, potentially causing entropion.

Symptoms

Early detection of entropion is crucial to prevent further complications. Symptoms can vary in severity but commonly include:

• Squinting or Blinking: Dogs with entropion often squint or blink excessively due to the irritation caused by the inward-rolling eyelid.
• Keeping Eyes Closed: Some dogs may keep their eyes partially or fully closed to alleviate discomfort.
• Watery Eyes: Excessive tearing is a common symptom as the eyes produce more tears in response to irritation.
• Tear Stains: In lighter-coloured dogs, you might notice reddish-brown stains beneath the eyes due to constant tearing.
• Red Eyes: The white part of the eye (sclera) may appear red and inflamed due to the constant friction of the eyelashes against the cornea.
• Swollen Eyelids: The eyelids can become swollen from ongoing irritation and inflammation.
• Mucous or Pus-like Discharge: You might see a sticky or thick discharge from the affected eye(s), a sign of secondary infection or severe irritation.
• Frequent Pawing: Dogs with entropion may paw at their eyes or rub their face against furniture or the ground to relieve discomfort.
• Corneal Ulcers: Prolonged irritation from the inward-rolling eyelids can lead to painful corneal ulcers, which can cause the eye to appear cloudy.
• Corneal Scarring: Over time, continuous friction can result in cornea scarring, potentially impairing vision.
• Irritability: Dogs in pain or discomfort from entropion may become more irritable or sensitive.
• Reluctance to Play: You might notice decreased activity levels or unwillingness to engage in usual activities due to eye discomfort.
• Frequent Eye Infections: Dogs with untreated entropion are prone to frequent eye infections, which can exacerbate symptoms and cause further damage.

If you observe any of these symptoms, it is important to consult your veterinarian promptly.

Diagnosing Entropion

A thorough examination by a veterinarian is essential for an accurate diagnosis. The vet will assess your dog’s eyes and eyelids, considering breed, age, and medical history. In some cases, diagnostic tests such as fluorescein staining may be used to detect corneal ulcers.

Treatment Options

The treatment for entropion depends on the severity and underlying cause. Options include:

• Medical Management: For mild cases, lubricating eye drops or ointments may be prescribed to reduce irritation and protect the cornea. Antibiotics may also be necessary if there is an infection.
• Surgical Correction: Moderate to severe cases often require surgery to correct the eyelid position. There are various surgical techniques, such as eyelid tacking for young puppies or more permanent procedures like the Hotz-Celsus technique for adult dogs. The aim is to reposition the eyelid to prevent further irritation. Post-operative care is vital to ensure a successful recovery. Your vet will provide specific instructions, which may include using Elizabethan collars to prevent scratching, administering prescribed medications, and attending follow-up appointments to monitor healing.

Preventing Entropion

While it may not be possible to prevent entropion entirely, especially in breeds genetically predisposed to the condition, there are several steps you can take to reduce the risk and manage the condition effectively. Here are some strategies to help prevent entropion in dogs:

1. Early Detection: Regular veterinary visits can help detect signs of entropion early before it leads to severe complications. Your vet can monitor your dog’s eye health and recommend necessary interventions.
2. Puppy Exams: For at-risk breeds, have puppies examined early and regularly. Early detection can sometimes allow for non-surgical interventions that help correct the condition as the puppy grows.
3. Keep Eyes Clean: Regularly clean your dog’s eyes to remove irritating debris and discharge. Use a damp cloth or vet-approved eye wipes.
4. Monitor for Infections: Promptly address any signs of eye infection or inflammation. Chronic diseases can contribute to the development of entropion.
5. Hygiene for Wrinkled Breeds: For breeds with heavy facial folds, keep the folds clean and dry to prevent infections and irritation that can lead to entropion.
6. Weight Management: Maintain a healthy weight for your dog. Excessive weight can exacerbate skin folds and increase the risk of entropion.
7. Eye Safety: Prevent injuries to the eye area by ensuring your dog avoids rough play or environments where eye injuries are more likely to occur.
8. Immediate Care for Trauma: Seek immediate veterinary care if your dog suffers an injury to the eye or face. Prompt treatment can prevent complications that might lead to entropion.
9. Temporary Tacking in Puppies: For breeds known to develop entropion, temporary tacking of the eyelids can be performed in puppies. This procedure involves placing sutures to hold the eyelids correctly as the puppy grows.

The Last Word

Entropion is a painful and potentially serious condition that can significantly affect your dog’s quality of life. Being aware of the symptoms and seeking timely veterinary care can make a substantial difference. With proper treatment and management, dogs with entropion can lead comfortable, healthy lives. Always consult with your vet to ensure your furry friend receives the best possible care.