28 May Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs: What Every Pet Owner Needs to Know

Does your dog seem to struggle with movement or show pain? It might suffer from Intervertebral Disc Disease in dogs, a familiar yet severe condition affecting many dogs. Understanding IVDD in dogs is crucial for any dog owner, as early diagnosis and proper care can help to improve your pet’s quality of life.

What is Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in Dogs?

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is when the discs between the vertebrae bulge or burst into the spinal cord space. This can cause pain, nerve damage, and, in severe cases, paralysis.

Knowing about IVDD allows pet owners to recognise early signs and seek timely veterinary care, potentially preventing severe complications and improving the prognosis for affected dogs.

Types of IVDD in Dogs

1. Hansen Type I: Type I IVDD is characterized by the acute and sudden rupture of the intervertebral disc. This type typically affects younger dogs, particularly those of chondrodystrophic breeds with abnormal cartilage development. The disc’s nucleus pulposus, the gel-like centre, becomes calcified and less flexible, leading to a sudden rupture. This rupture causes the disc material to herniate into the spinal canal, resulting in varying degrees of pain and neurological deficits, including paralysis, depending on the severity and location of the rupture.
2. Hansen Type II: Hansen Type II IVDD involves a more gradual and chronic intervertebral disc degeneration, usually affecting older dogs. In this type, the annulus fibrosus, the disc’s tough outer layer, slowly degenerates and weakens over time. This gradual weakening results in a slow bulging of the disc into the spinal canal, compressing the spinal cord and nerves. Symptoms tend to progress over time, starting with mild pain and mobility issues and potentially advancing to more severe neurological problems.

Causes of Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs

1. Genetic Predisposition: Certain breeds are genetically predisposed to Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD), particularly those with longer backs and shorter legs. Due to their genetic makeup and body structure, Dachshunds, Beagles, French Bulldogs, and Shih Tzus have a higher incidence of IVDD. These breeds have a form of abnormal cartilage development that makes their intervertebral discs more prone to degeneration and rupture.
2. Age and Degeneration: As dogs age, their intervertebral discs naturally degenerate, making older dogs more susceptible to IVDD. Over time, the discs lose their elasticity and strength, which can lead to bulging or herniation. This age-related degeneration is a common cause of IVDD in senior dogs, regardless of their breed.
3. Physical Trauma: Physical trauma or excessive physical strain can also lead to IVDD. Activities that put a lot of stress on a dog’s spine, such as jumping from heights or rough play, can cause the discs to rupture or herniate. Even minor injuries can exacerbate the condition, especially in dogs already predisposed to IVDD.

Symptoms of IVDD in Dogs

• Reluctance to Jump or Climb Stairs: Dogs might hesitate or decline to jump onto furniture or climb stairs.
• Decreased Activity Level: You might notice your dog becoming less active or playful.
• Hunched Back: A noticeable curvature or hunching of the back may indicate discomfort.
• Sensitivity to Touch: Dogs with early IVDD may exhibit sensitivity when touching their back or neck.
• Difficulty Walking: Dogs may exhibit a wobbly gait or appear uncoordinated.
• Weakness in Limbs: You might notice weakness, especially in the hind legs.
• Crying Out in Pain: Dogs may vocalize when moving or being touched, indicating significant pain.
• Muscle Spasms: Visible spasms or twitching in the back muscles can occur.

In severe cases, IVDD can lead to critical symptoms that require immediate veterinary attention:

• Paralysis: Partial or complete paralysis of the limbs, particularly the hind legs, is a severe sign.
• Loss of Deep Pain Sensation: If your dog doesn’t respond to deep pain stimuli, this indicates severe nerve damage.
• Incontinence: Loss of bladder or bowel control suggests that the spinal cord is significantly affected.

Diagnosing Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs

1. Physical Examination: The first step in diagnosing Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in dogs is a thorough physical examination by a veterinarian. During this examination, the vet will assess your dog’s neurological function, looking for signs of pain, weakness, or paralysis. They will also check for abnormal postures, such as a hunched back. They may perform reflex tests to evaluate the spinal cord and nerve function.
2. X-rays: This method can provide a basic spine overview and help identify abnormalities such as narrowed disc spaces or vertebral malformations. However, they might not show the discs or the extent of spinal cord compression.
3. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): MRI is the most effective imaging technique for diagnosing intervertebral disc (IVD) issues. It offers detailed images of the spinal cord, nerves, and discs, enabling the veterinarian to pinpoint the location and severity of any disc herniation or bulge precisely. Additionally, MRI is invaluable for planning surgical interventions if necessary.
4. CT Scan (Computed Tomography): A CT scan offers detailed cross-sectional spine images. It can be beneficial in visualizing bone structures and the extent of disc protrusion. It is often utilized in myelography, where a contrast dye is injected into the spinal canal to enhance the visualization of the spinal cord and nerve roots on the scan.
5. Myelography: Myelography involves injecting a contrast dye into the spinal canal and taking X-rays or CT scans. This technique helps to outline the spinal cord and any areas where it is compressed by disc material. Myelography can help diagnose IVDD but is generally less preferred compared to MRI due to the invasiveness and potential for side effects.

Treatment Options for IVDD

Depending on the severity of Intervertebral Disc Disease in dogs, it can be managed through various treatment options. These options range from conservative management to surgical intervention.

Conservative Management

For mild to moderate cases of IVDD, conservative management is often the first line of treatment. This approach focuses on alleviating symptoms and preventing further disc damage.

Medication

• Pain Relievers: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or other pain medications may reduce pain and inflammation.
• Muscle Relaxants: These can alleviate muscle spasms associated with IVDD.
• Steroids: In some cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce severe inflammation.

Rest and Restricted Activity

• Crate Rest: Strict crate rest for several weeks is essential to prevent further injury. This means limiting your dog’s movement to a confined space to allow the spine to heal.
• Activity Restriction: Even after the initial rest period, it is essential to limit activities that strain the spine, such as jumping and running.

Physical Therapy

• Rehabilitation Exercises: Controlled exercises can help strengthen muscles and improve mobility. Techniques like hydrotherapy (water exercises) are particularly beneficial.
• Laser Therapy: This can reduce pain and promote healing in affected areas.

Surgical Intervention

Surgery is often necessary for severe cases of IVDD, especially when there is significant spinal cord compression or when conservative treatments fail. Here are the types of surgeries:

• Hemilaminectomy: This procedure involves removing part of the vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
• Fenestration: This less invasive procedure removes disc material to prevent future herniation.
• Ventral Slot Procedure: Commonly used for cervical (neck) disc issues, this surgery involves removing a portion of the disc and bone to alleviate spinal cord compression.

Lifestyle Adjustments

• Weight Management: Keeping your dog at a healthy weight reduces strain on the spine.
• Environmental Modifications: Ramps, non-slip mats, and orthopaedic beds can make your home safer and more comfortable for a dog with IVDD.
• Activity Regulation: To prevent a recurrence, it is essential to limit activities that stress the spine, such as jumping or rough play.

Breeds Prone to IVDD

• Dachshunds are the most well-known breed prone to IVDD due to their long backs and short legs. This breed’s unique body structure significantly strains their spine, making them highly susceptible to disc degeneration and herniation.
• French Bulldogs are another breed with a high risk of developing IVDD. Their compact bodies and relatively short legs, combined with their genetic predisposition, make them prone to spinal issues.
• Beagles can also be affected by IVDD, especially as they age. While their body structure isn’t as extreme as that of Dachshunds or French Bulldogs, their active nature and propensity for jumping can contribute to spinal problems over time.
• Shih Tzus are at risk for IVDD due to their genetic makeup and body conformation. Their small size and specific physical traits can lead to a higher incidence of disc disease.
• Cocker Spaniels are also susceptible to IVDD. Their moderate length and stature, coupled with a genetic predisposition, make them one of the breeds that need monitoring for signs of disc disease.
• Pekingese dogs, with short legs and long backs, are another breed at higher risk for IVDD. Their physical structure can place additional stress on the spine, increasing the likelihood of disc problems.
• Lhasa Apsos shares risk factors similar to those of Shih Tzus and Pekingese. Their body conformation and genetic background make them prone to developing IVDD, particularly as they age.
• Bassett Hounds have long backs and short legs, similar to Dachshunds, which predisposes them to IVDD. Their body structure strains their spine, making them vulnerable to disc degeneration.
• Pembroke Welsh Corgis are another breed at risk for IVDD. Their long bodies, relatively short legs, and energetic nature increase the likelihood of spinal issues.
• Poodles, particularly Miniature and Toy varieties, can also be prone to IVDD. While their body structure isn’t as extreme, their genetic predisposition can still lead to disc problems.
• Mixed Breeders with any of the breeds above in their lineage can also be at risk for IVDD. It’s essential to be aware of their genetic background and monitor for symptoms if they have traits from prone breeds.

The Last Word

Intervertebral Disc Disease is challenging, but you can significantly improve your dog’s quality of life with the proper knowledge and proactive care. From understanding the types and causes to recognising symptoms and exploring treatment options, being informed is the first step in providing the best care for your furry friend.