27 Jun Unmasking Osteosarcoma in Dogs: Vital Insights for Pet Owners

Osteosarcoma in dogs, a type of bone cancer, is a serious condition that affects many dogs, particularly larger breeds. Understanding this disease is crucial for early detection and effective treatment, which can significantly improve our furry friend’s quality of life and outcomes. So, stay tuned to evaluate this disease.

What is Osteosarcoma in Dogs?

Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumour that originates in the bone. It is the most common type of bone cancer in dogs, accounting for approximately 85% of all skeletal tumours. The disease primarily affects the limbs but can also occur in other bones.

Certain breeds are more predisposed to osteosarcoma, including Great Danes, Rottweilers, Golden Retrievers, and German Shepherds. These breeds, often large and giant, have a higher incidence of the disease due to their size and rapid bone growth rates.

Causes and Risk Factors

1. Genetic Predisposition: Genetics significantly contribute to the likelihood of a dog developing osteosarcoma. Certain breeds, such as Rottweilers, Great Danes, and Golden Retrievers, have a higher predisposition due to hereditary factors. If a dog has a family history of osteosarcoma, the risk of developing the disease increases.
2. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors also play a role in the development of osteosarcoma. Exposure to radiation or carcinogenic chemicals can increase the risk. For instance, dogs that have undergone radiation therapy for other conditions may be more susceptible to developing bone cancer later in life.
3. Age and Size Considerations: Age and size are crucial risk factors. Osteosarcoma is more commonly diagnosed in older dogs, typically those aged seven years and above. Additionally, large and giant breeds are at a higher risk due to their rapid growth rates and larger bone mass. The stress on their bones from supporting a more significant body weight may contribute to developing cancerous cells.

Symptoms of Osteosarcoma in Dogs

1. Early Signs to Watch For Early detection of osteosarcoma can make a significant difference in treatment outcomes. Initial symptoms may include lameness, swelling in the affected area, and a noticeable reluctance to move or exercise. These signs are often subtle and can be mistaken for minor injuries or arthritis.
2. Progression of Symptoms: As osteosarcoma progresses, symptoms become more pronounced and severe. The affected limb may show significant swelling, and the dog may experience persistent and intense pain. The limb might also become more fragile and prone to fractures.
3. Pain and Discomfort: Pain is a significant symptom of osteosarcoma and can severely impact a dog’s quality of life. Dogs may exhibit signs of pain through limping, avoiding the use of the affected limb, or becoming increasingly sedentary and less active. Pain management is critical to the overall treatment plan to ensure the dog’s comfort and well-being.

Diagnosis of Osteosarcoma

• Initial Veterinary Examination: Diagnosing osteosarcoma starts with a thorough veterinary examination. When a dog exhibits symptoms like persistent lameness, noticeable swelling, or reluctance to engage in usual activities, it’s essential to consult a vet immediately. The vet will conduct a comprehensive physical check-up during the initial examination, mainly focusing on the affected limb or area. They will also take a detailed medical history, asking questions about the dog’s general health, any recent injuries, and any previous symptoms that could be related.
• X-rays: The first step in imaging usually involves taking X-rays of the affected area. Osteosarcoma is distinctive on X-rays, often showing a mix of bone destruction and abnormal new bone formation. The affected bone may appear moth-eaten or show an aggressive bone pattern.
• CT Scans: A CT (Computed Tomography) scan might be recommended if the X-ray suggests osteosarcoma. CT scans provide a more detailed, cross-sectional view of the bone and surrounding tissues. This can help assess the tumour’s size, exact location, and whether it has invaded adjacent structures.
• MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another advanced imaging technique that obtains detailed images of soft tissues and bones. MRI is beneficial if there is a need to evaluate the extent of the tumour’s involvement with soft tissues and to plan surgical approaches if necessary.
• Needle Biopsy: This less invasive method uses a fine needle to extract a small tissue sample from the tumour. It’s often performed under local anaesthesia or sedation.
• Surgical Biopsy: In some cases, a more invasive surgical procedure may be necessary to obtain a larger tissue sample. This is typically done under general anaesthesia.

Treatment Options for Osteosarcoma

1. Amputation: Amputation of the affected limb is one of dogs’ most common treatments for osteosarcoma. This procedure aims to remove the primary tumour entirely, thereby alleviating pain and preventing the local spread of cancer.
2. Limb-Sparing Surgery: In some cases where amputation might not be the best option, limb-sparing surgery can be considered. This procedure involves removing the tumour and reconstructing the bone using metal implants or bone grafts. Limb-sparing surgery is complex and requires a specialist surgeon.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is commonly used alongside surgery to address microscopic cancer cells that might have spread beyond the primary tumour site. Osteosarcoma is highly metastatic and can spread to other parts of the body, particularly the lungs. Chemotherapy aims to slow or prevent this spread, extending the dog’s life expectancy.
4. Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy is managing pain when surgery is not possible. It uses high-energy radiation to target and eliminate cancer cells to reduce tumour size, alleviate pain, and improve the dog’s quality of life.
5. Palliative Care: This one focuses on providing comfort and improving the quality of life for dogs with advanced osteosarcoma, where curative treatment is not an option. This approach includes pain management through medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and other pain relief measures.
6. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is an emerging field in the treatment of osteosarcoma. This approach stimulates the dog’s immune system to recognise and attack cancer cells more effectively.
7. Alternative and Complementary Therapies: Some pet owners explore alternative and complementary therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and dietary changes, to support their dog’s overall health and well-being. A veterinarian should always discuss and supervise these therapies to ensure they do not interfere with conventional treatments.

The Last Word

Osteosarcoma in dogs is a serious condition, but with early detection and appropriate treatment, many dogs can maintain a good quality of life. Pet owners must stay informed, seek veterinary advice, and provide the best possible care for their furry companions.